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About a year ago, a grad student came running up to Wolfgang Kuebler, looking all excited: The mice, he said — well, to be honest, the mice didn’t look great, but they looked a heck of a lot better than they did before.

Not long before, Kuebler’s students at The Charité in Berlin had anesthetized mice and dropped a bit of Streptococcus pneumoniae down their throats, just enough to sicken but not kill. The mice quickly lost weight, temperature, and appetite. They looked “runty,” said Kuebler.

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Then they gave them a drug that perhaps no pneumonia-ridden mouse had ever received, plucked from another field of medicine entirely: Kalydeco, one of several powerful pills developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals over the last decade to treat the rare disease cystic fibrosis

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